Beginning in 1939, Nazi authorities and their collaborators throughout Europe forced Jews to relocate to ghettos, which isolated them from their non-Jewish neighbors, friends, and fellow citizens. Ranging widely from improvised living quarters in small towns to urban neighborhoods walled off completely from their surroundings, these overcrowded ghettos became a crucial step in the Nazis' attempt to murder all of Europe's Jews.
ghettos
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Family Life During the Holocaust
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the Holocaust"Family Life" in the Łódź Ghetto
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Wartime Jewish Press
Jewish Perspectives on the Holocaust"Lessons from the Recent Past"
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Jewish Religious Life and the Holocaust
Jewish Perspectives on the Holocaust"On the Danger of Forced Conversion"
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Jewish Community Documents
Jewish Perspectives on the Holocaust"Report for the period from July 22 to September 30, 1942"
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Jewish Community Documents
Jewish Perspectives on the Holocaust"Report on the Activities of the Order Service Department of the Board of Representatives of the Jewish Population in Bendsburg"
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Wartime Jewish Press
Jewish Perspectives on the Holocaust"The Program of the Ghetto Newspaper"
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Wartime Jewish Press
Jewish Perspectives on the Holocaust"To the Workers' Masses in Poland"
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Jewish Community Documents
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustBylaw of the Audit Office
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Objects of Memory
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustCalendar from the Łódź Ghetto
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US Government Rescue Efforts
Americans and the HolocaustDeclaration of December 17, 1942
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Holocaust Diaries
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustDeposition of Pesakh Burshteyn
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Holocaust Diaries
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustDiary of Adolf Guttentag
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Holocaust Diaries
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustDiary of Aharon Pick
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Holocaust Diaries
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustDiary of Jechiel Górny
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Holocaust Diaries
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustDiary of Mirjam Korber
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Post-Holocaust Testimony
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustDP Camp Trial File of Chaim Chajet
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Post-Holocaust Testimony
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustEichmann Trial Testimony of Abba Kovner
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Postwar Justice
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustEichmann Trial Testimony of Zivia Lubetkin
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Post-Holocaust Testimony
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustFortunoff Oral History with Menachem S.
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Jewish Religious Life and the Holocaust
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustForty-two Weddings in the Łódź Ghetto
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Objects of Memory
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustFriendship Ring from the Riga Ghetto
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Wartime Correspondence
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustLetter from Dawid Najmark to his Family
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Jewish Religious Life and the Holocaust
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustMemoir of Calel Perechodnik
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Holocaust Diaries
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustMemoir of Fryderyk Winnykamień
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Artistic Responses to Persecution
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustNatan Rotenberg, "Peace to the People of Good Will"
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Jewish Community Documents
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustNote Regarding the German Policy of Deliberate Annihilation of European Jewry
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Postwar Justice
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustNotice on the Execution of Jakub Lejkin
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Post-Holocaust Testimony
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustNuremberg Trial Testimony of Avrom Sutzkever
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Medical Care, Nazism, and the Holocaust
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustOral History with Avraham Tory
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German Police and the Nazi Regime
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustOral History with Henry Kanner
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German Police and the Nazi Regime
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustOral History with Solomon Fox
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Jewish Community Documents
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustPetition of Asna Zhurkovska
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Jewish Community Documents
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustPetition of Meir Halle
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German Police and the Nazi Regime
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustPhotograph of German Order Police Publicly Humiliating a Jewish Man
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Roma and Sinti in Nazi Germany
Belonging and Exclusion: Reshaping Society under Nazi RulePhotograph of Romani Section of Lodz Ghetto
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Public Health under the Third Reich
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustPropaganda Poster: “Jews Are Lice: They Cause Typhus”
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Jewish Religious Life and the Holocaust
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustRabbi Shimon Huberband, "On Religious Life"
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Jewish Religious Life and the Holocaust
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustSermon for Chanukah 1941
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Post-Holocaust Testimony
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustShoah Outtake with Gertrude Schneider
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Medical Care, Nazism, and the Holocaust
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustShoah Outtake with Maurice Rossel
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Artists and Visual Culture in Wartime Europe
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustTheresienstadt: A Documentary Film, 1944
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Artists and Visual Culture in Wartime Europe
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustUndated Photos from the Warsaw Ghetto
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Artistic Responses to Persecution
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustUSC Shoah Foundation Oral History with Robert Ness
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Objects of Memory
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustViolin Hidden in the Łódź Ghetto
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Black Americans and World War II
Americans and the HolocaustW. E. B. Du Bois: "The Negro and the Warsaw Ghetto"
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Artistic Responses to Persecution
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustWładysław Szlengel, "Bread"
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Artistic Responses to Persecution
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustWładysław Szlengel, "Final Exams"