Women faced distinct challenges in Nazi Germany, World War II, and the Holocaust. Often assuming primary responsibility for children and other vulnerable individuals, women under Nazi persecution also faced the danger of sexual violence and threats to their reproductive health.
women's experiences
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Public Health under the Third Reich
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the Holocaust"Healthy Woman - Healthy Nation"
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Postwar Justice
Jewish Perspectives on the Holocaust"On the Auschwitz trial in Kraków (impressions)"
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Wartime Jewish Press
Jewish Perspectives on the Holocaust"Saxa loquuntur"
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Family Life During the Holocaust
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the Holocaust“A Jewish Woman in Warsaw from September 1939 to the Present”
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Sexuality, Gender, and Nazi Persecution
Belonging and Exclusion: Reshaping Society under Nazi RuleAdvertisement for "Violetta Ladies Club"
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Family Life During the Holocaust
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustBrochure for the Lebensborn Program
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Concentration Camp Prisoners
Belonging and Exclusion: Reshaping Society under Nazi RuleChristmas Card Given to a Polish Prisoner at Ravensbrück
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Post-Holocaust Testimony
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustDavid Boder Interview with Helen Tichauer
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Holocaust Diaries
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustDiary of Elvira Kohn
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Gendered Experiences of Jewish Persecution
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustDiary of Irene Hauser
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Holocaust Diaries
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustDiary of Saartje Wijnberg
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Displaced Persons and Postwar America
Americans and the HolocaustDress Made by Margret Hantman in Deggendorf DP Camp
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Artists and Visual Culture in Wartime Europe
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustErzsébet Frank, "The Welders"
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Jewish Displaced Persons in Postwar Europe
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustGeorge Kadish, "The Persecuted"
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Targets of Eugenics
Belonging and Exclusion: Reshaping Society under Nazi RuleGerman Motherhood Medals
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Experiences of Forced Labor in Wartime Europe
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustInterview with Antonina Serdiukova
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Objects of Memory
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustLeather Bouquet of Flowers Made in Bergen-Belsen
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Gendered Experiences of Jewish Persecution
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustLetter by Marketa Brady from Ravensbrück
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Wartime Correspondence
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustLetter from Amalie Malsch to Wilhelm Malsch
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Experiences of Forced Labor in Wartime Europe
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustLetter from Antonina Sidielnik Intercepted by German Authorities
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The Holocaust in Yugoslavia
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustLetter from Ester Ruben Menahem to the Commissariat for Jewish Questions
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Wartime Correspondence
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustLetter from Hilda Dajč to Nada Novak
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Wartime Correspondence
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustLetter from Ilse Chotzen to Her In-Laws
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Wartime Correspondence
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustLetter from Sarah Froiman to her Friends and Brother
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The Holocaust in Yugoslavia
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustLetter from Srećko Bujas to the Jewish Community of Zagreb
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The Holocaust in Yugoslavia
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustLetter from the Jewish Community of Brod na Savi to the Jewish Communities of Zagreb and Sarajevo
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Family Life During the Holocaust
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustLetter from Vilma Grunwald to Kurt Grunwald
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Targets of Eugenics
Belonging and Exclusion: Reshaping Society under Nazi RuleLetter to SS Doctor Gregor Ebner
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American Christians, Nazi Germany, and the Holocaust
Americans and the HolocaustLouise Kleuser to J. L. McEhlany
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Experiences of Forced Labor in Wartime Europe
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustMemo on Pregnancies among Forced Laborers
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Higher Education in Nazi Germany
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustMemo Regarding Maria-Elisabeth Koch
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Artistic Responses to Persecution
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustNastia Kronenberg, HASAG poem
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Black Americans and World War II
Americans and the HolocaustOral History with Charity Adams Earley
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Artists and Visual Culture in Wartime Europe
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustOral History with Julia Pirotte
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Medical Care, Nazism, and the Holocaust
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustOral History with Marcelle Duval
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Roma and Sinti in Nazi Germany
Belonging and Exclusion: Reshaping Society under Nazi RuleOral History with Rita Prigmore
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Experiences of Forced Labor in Wartime Europe
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustOral History with Rose Brunswic
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Soviet POWs in German Captivity
Belonging and Exclusion: Reshaping Society under Nazi RulePhotograph of Female Soviet POWs Marching to an Unknown Camp
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American Witnesses and the Third Reich
Americans and the HolocaustPhotograph of Margaret Bourke-White at Buchenwald
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Artists and Visual Culture in Wartime Europe
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustPhotograph of Prisoners in a Greenhouse
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Concentration Camp Prisoners
Belonging and Exclusion: Reshaping Society under Nazi RulePhotograph of Romani Women at Bergen-Belsen
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Experiences of Forced Labor in Wartime Europe
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustPhotograph of Ukrainian Women Brought to Germany as Forced Laborers
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Sexuality, Gender, and Nazi Persecution
Belonging and Exclusion: Reshaping Society under Nazi RulePolice Statement from Margot Liu
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Objects of Memory
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustPortrait of a German Girl in a Handmade Frame
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Roma and Sinti in Nazi Germany
Belonging and Exclusion: Reshaping Society under Nazi RulePostwar Testimony of the Hodoschi Family
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Everyday Encounters with Fascism
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustPublic Humiliation of a Young Couple
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Gendered Experiences of Jewish Persecution
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustRecipes from the Cookbook of Eva Ostwalt
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Higher Education in Nazi Germany
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustReport on the Camaraderie House for Female Students of Göttingen
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Experiences of Forced Labor in Wartime Europe
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustReport on the Rühen Home for Children of Forced Laborers
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Medical Care, Nazism, and the Holocaust
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustRequest to Replace Nurse Anna Hölzer
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Jewish Displaced Persons in Postwar Europe
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustRivke Horvits-Pinkusevits, "Mama, You Live On"
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Post-Holocaust Testimony
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustShoah Outtake with Gertrude Schneider
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Exclusion of Jews in Nazi Germany
Belonging and Exclusion: Reshaping Society under Nazi RuleShoah Outtake with Inge Deutschkron
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Post-Holocaust Testimony
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustShoah Outtake with Ruth Elias
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Objects of Memory
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustSilver Cup Made in a Labor Camp
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Family Life During the Holocaust
Everyday Life: Roles, Motives, and Choices During the HolocaustTrial Testimony of Rosa Schnedlitz
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Post-Holocaust Testimony
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustUSC Shoah Foundation Oral History with Abraham Bomba
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Gendered Experiences of Jewish Persecution
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustUSHMM Oral History with Blanka Rothschild
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Post-Holocaust Testimony
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustUSHMM Oral History with Charlene Schiff
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Gendered Experiences of Jewish Persecution
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustUSHMM Oral History with Ester Grun
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Gendered Experiences of Jewish Persecution
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustUSHMM Oral History with Frieda Belinfante
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Jewish Displaced Persons in Postwar Europe
Jewish Perspectives on the HolocaustWidowhood Release of Golda Leitman Weiss